A 5 year old boy presents with an acute exacerbation of asthma. On examination there is reduced air entry bilaterally with expiratory wheeze. He has tracheal tug, sub costal recession and is tachypnoeic. Initial pulse oximetry reveals oxygen saturation of 85% on room air. He has had no treatment prior to arriving in the emergency department.

Scenario After a recent significant adverse event following the insertion of a central venous line you have been asked to investigate emergency department central line insertion. Question a. List the factors that may contribute to such adverse events during central venous line placement (30%) b. Describe the measures that may be used to prevent or [...]

A 72 year old man presents from a nursing home with 4 days of increasing confusion. His GP letter notes that he has a history of dementia, hypertension and ischaemic heart disease.