ECG Clinical Interpretation: A to Z by diagnosis

A

• Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
• Accelerated junctional rhythm
• Anterior STEMI
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
• Atrial flutter
• Atrial fibrillation
• Atrial ectopic beat / atrial premature beat
• Atrial tachycardia
• Automatic junctional tachycardia
• AV block: 1st degree
• AV block: 2nd degree, Mobitz I (Wenckebach)
• AV block: 2nd degree, Mobitz II
• AV block: 2nd degree, “fixed ratio blocks” (2:1, 3:1)
• AV block: 2nd degree, “high grade AV block”
• AV block: 3rd degree (complete heart block)
• AVNRT (AV-nodal re-entry tachycardia)
• AVRT (atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia)

B

• Benign early repolarisation
• Beta-blocker toxicity
• Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia
• Bifascicular block
• Biventricular enlargement
• Biatrial enlargement
• Brugada syndrome

C

• Calcium-channel blocker toxicity
• Carbamazepine cardiotoxicity
• Cardiomyopathy, dilated
• Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic
• Cardiomyopathy, restrictive
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

D

• Dextrocardia
• Digoxin effect
• Digoxin toxicity
• Dilated cardiomyopathy

E

• Ectopic atrial tachycardia
• Electrical alternans
• Emphysema
• Escape rhythms, junctional
• Escape rhythms, ventricular

F

• Fascicular VT
• Fusion beats

H

• High take-off
• Hypercalcaemia
• Hyperkalaemia
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
• Hypocalcaemia
• Hypokalaemia
• Hypomagnesaemia
• Hypothermia
• Hypothyroidism

I

• Interventricular Conduction Delay (QRS widening)
• Intracranial haemorrhage
• Intrinsicoid deflection

J

• J-point elevation
• Junctional ectopic beat / junctional premature beat
• Junctional escape rhythm
• Junctional tachycardia

L

• Lateral STEMI
• Lead reversals: Limb Lead Reversals (overview)
• Lead reversal: Left arm/right arm
• Left atrial enlargement
• Left anterior fascicular block
• Left axis deviation
• Left bundle branch block
• Left bundle branch block — diagnosing myocardial infarction (Sgarbossa criteria)
• Left main coronary artery occlusion (ST elevation in aVR)
• Left posterior fascicular block
• Left ventricular aneurysm
• Left ventricular hypertrophy
• Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome
• Low QRS Voltage

M

• Movement artefact
• Multifocal atrial tachycardia
• Myocardial ischemia
• Myocarditis

N

• Non-paroxysmal junctional tachycardia

P

• Pacemaker rhythms: Normal pacemaker function
• Pacemaker malfunctions: Failure of capture, pacemaker-mediated tachycardia, etc.
• Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT)
• Paediatric ECG
• Pericardial effusion / tamponade
• Pericarditis
• Persistent ST elevation (LV aneurysm morphology)
• Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
• Poor R wave progression (PRWP)
• Posterior STEMI
• Preexcitation
• Premature complexes, atrial
• Premature complexes, junctional
• Premature complexes, ventricular
• Pulmonary disease, chronic
• Pulmonary embolism

Q

• QRS widening
• Quetiapine toxicity

R

• Raised intracranial pressure
• Restrictive cardiomyopathy (myocardial infiltrative disease)
• Right atrial enlargement
• Right axis deviation
• Right bundle branch block
• Right ventricular hypertrophy
• Right ventricular MI
• Right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) tachycardia
• Right ventricular strain
• R-wave peak time

S

• Sgarbossa criteria (diagnosing AMI in LBBB)
• Shivering artefact
• Short QT syndrome
• Sinus rhythm
• Sinus arrhythmia
• Sinus bradycardia
• Sinus node dysfunction (Sick sinus syndrome)
• Sinus node exit block
• Sinus node reentrant tachycardia
• Sinus pause / arrest
• Sinus tachycardia
• Sodium channel blocker overdose
• ST elevation in aVR (LMCA/3VD)
• STEMI, anterior
• STEMI, high lateral
• STEMI, inferior
• STEMI, lateral
• STEMI (old)
• STEMI, posterior
• STEMI, right ventricular
• Subarachnoid haemorrhage
• Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)

T

• Tako Tsubo Cardiomyopathy
• Torsades de Pointes
• Tremor artifact
• Tricyclic overdose (sodium-channel blocker toxicity)
• Triple vessel disease
• Trifascicular block

V

• Ventricular aneurysm
• Ventricular escape rhythm
• Ventricular fibrillation
• Ventricular flutter
• Ventricular ectopics / ventricular premature beats
• Ventricular tachycardia: Fascicular VT
• Ventricular tachycardia: Monomorphic VT
• Ventricular tachycardia: Overview of VT
• Ventricular tachycardia: Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (RVOT) tachyardia
• VT versus SVT with aberrancy

W

• Wellens Syndrome
• Wolff-Parkinson White Syndrome

Further Reading

• ECG CLINICAL CASES — Your favourite ECG’s placed in clinical context with a challenging Q&A approach
• ECG IMAGE Database — Searchable database of LITFL ECG’s
• ECG and Cardiology Eponymous Syndromes — Cheats guide to eponymous emancipation
• The Art of infarct localisation
• ECG Exam Template — a framework for the FACEM part 2 exam.
• ECG Reference Sites on the WEB — the best of the rest